《天然》（20250220出书）一周论文导读

编译｜冯维维Nature,20 February 2025, Volume 638, Issue 8051《天然》2025年2月20日，第638卷，8051期物理PhysicsSpontaneous ordering of identical materials into a triboelectric series将雷同的资料自发地陈列成摩擦电系列▲ 作者：Juan Carlos Sobarzo, Felix Pertl, Daniel M. Balazs, Tommaso Costanzo, Markus Sauer, Annette Foelske, Markus Ostermann, Christian M. Pichler, Yongkang Wang, Yuki Nagata, Mischa Bonn Scott Waitukaitis▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08530-6▲择要：当两种绝缘的中性资料打仗并分别时，会交流电荷。临时以来的试验标明，这种“打仗电气化”是可通报的，差别的资料依据所取得的电荷的标记陈列成“摩擦电系列”。与此同时，这种后果也遭到弗成猜测性的困扰，无奈就其机制告竣共鸣，并使人们对剧集所隐含的韵律跟起因发生猜忌。在这里，研讨者提醒了打仗电气化的弗成猜测性跟次序之间的意想不到的接洽：名义上雷同的资料最初随机跟非通报地交流电荷，但经由重复的试验，有序地酿成了摩擦电系列。他们发明这种演化是由打仗自身的行动驱动的——汗青上打仗较多的样本对打仗较少的样本负电荷。经由过程在最小模子中捕捉这种“打仗偏向”，研讨者在数值模仿中重修了初始随机性跟终极次序，并在试验中应用它来强迫呈现咱们抉择的摩擦电系列。经由过程一系列名义敏感技巧来寻觅打仗发生的潜伏变更，他们只发明了纳米级状态变更的证据，指出了一种与力学严密联合的机制。研讨成果夸大了打仗史在打仗电气化中的核心位置，并指出存眷临时困扰这种效应的弗成猜测性，可能是懂得这种效应的要害。▲ Abstract：When two insulating, neutral materials are contacted and separated, they exchange electrical charge. Experiments have long suggested that this contact electrification is transitive, with different materials ordering into triboelectric series based on the sign of charge acquired. At the same time, the effect is plagued by unpredictability, preventing consensus on the mechanism and casting doubt on the rhyme and reason that series imply. Here we expose an unanticipated connection between the unpredictability and order in contact electrification: nominally identical materials initially exchange charge randomly and intransitively, but—over repeated experiments—order into triboelectric series. We find that this evolution is driven by the act of contact itself—samples with more contacts in their history charge negatively to ones with fewer contacts. Capturing this contact bias in a minimal model, we recreate both the initial randomness and ultimate order in numerical simulations and use it experimentally to force the appearance of a triboelectric series of our choosing. With a set of surface-sensitive techniques to search for the underlying alterations contact creates, we only find evidence of nanoscale morphological changes, pointing to a mechanism strongly coupled with mechanics. Our results highlight the centrality of contact history in contact electrification and suggest that focusing on the unpredictability that has long plagued the effect may hold the key to understanding it.Direct experimental constraints on the spatial extent of a neutrino wavepacket中微子波包空间范畴的直接试验束缚▲ 作者：Joseph Smolsky, Kyle G. Leach, Ryan Abells, Pedro Amaro, Adrien Andoche, Keith Borbridge, Connor Bray, Robin Cantor, David Diercks, Spencer Fretwell, Stephan Friedrich, Abigail Gillespie, Mauro Guerra, Ad Hall, Cameron N. Harris, Jackson T. Harris, Leendert M. Hayen, Paul-Antoine Hervieux, Calvin Hinkle, Geon-Bo Kim, Inwook Kim, Amii Lamm, Annika Lennarz, Vincenzo Lordi, William K. Warburton▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08479-6▲择要：只管中微子在宇宙中绝对丰盛，但倒是天然界中最不为人所知的基础粒子。现实上，在试验相干源中发射的中微子的量子特征在实践上是有争议的，而且中微子波包的空间范畴仅受反映堆中微子振荡数据的疏松束缚，其传布范畴为13个数目级。在这里，研讨者提出了一种方式，即经由过程准确丈量铍-7喷射性衰变中开释的反冲子核的能量宽度，来直接取得相干量。衰变进程的终极状况包括一个反冲的锂-7核，它在发生时与一个电子中微子胶葛在一同。锂-7能谱是经由过程直接将铍-7喷射性同位素嵌入高辨别率超导地道结（作为高温传感器操纵）来高精度丈量的。在这种方式下，研讨者设定了6.2 pm反冲子的海森堡空间不断定性的上限，这象征着终极状况体系的局域标准比原子核自身年夜一千倍以上。从这个丈量中，中微子波包的空间范畴的直接上限首席被提掏出来。这些成果可能会在多少个范畴发生影响，包含对中微子性子的实践懂得，弱核衰变中的局域化性子以及中微子物理数据的说明。▲ Abstract：Despite their high relative abundance in our Universe, neutrinos are the least understood fundamental particles of nature. In fact, the quantum properties of neutrinos emitted in experimentally relevant sources are theoretically contested and the spatial extent of the neutrino wavepacket is only loosely constrained by reactor neutrino oscillation data with a spread of 13 orders of magnitude.Here we present a method to directly access this quantity by precisely measuring the energy width of the recoil daughter nucleus emitted in the radioactive decay of beryllium-7. The final state in the decay process contains a recoiling lithium-7 nucleus, which is entangled with an electron neutrino at creation. The lithium-7 energy spectrum is measured to high precision by directly embedding beryllium-7 radioisotopes into a high-resolution superconducting tunnel junction that is operated as a cryogenic sensor.Under this approach, we set a lower limit on the Heisenberg spatial uncertainty of the recoil daughter of 6.2?pm, which implies that the final-state system is localized at a scale more than a thousand times larger than the nucleus itself. From this measurement, the first, to our knowledge, direct lower limit on the spatial extent of a neutrino wavepacket is extracted. These results may have implications in several areas including the theoretical understanding of neutrino properties, the nature of localization in weak nuclear decays and the interpretation of neutrino physics data.物理化学Physical ChemistryExternal Li supply reshapes Li deficiency and lifetime limit of batteries外置锂电源转变了电池的锂缺乏跟寿命限度▲ 作者：Shu Chen, Guanbin Wu, Haibo Jiang, Jifeng Wang, Tiantian Chen, Chenyang Han, Wenwen Wang, Rongchen Yang, Jiahua Zhao, Zhihang Tang, Xiaocheng Gong, Chuanfa Li, Mengyao Zhu, Kun Zhang, Yifei Xu, Ying Wang, Zhe Hu, Peining Chen, Bingjie Wang, Kai Zhang, Yongyao Xia, Huisheng Peng Yue Gao▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08465-y▲择要：锂离子是可充电电池储能功效的中心。现在的技巧依附于庞杂的含锂电极资料来供给锂离子，以确保更长的应用寿命。因而，锂缺少资料被消除在电池计划之外，当活性锂离子被耗费时，电池就会生效。这项研讨经由过程新的锂电供给战略攻破了这一限度。包含在外部将无机锂盐增加到组装的电池中，在电池构成进程平分解，开释锂离子并以气体情势排挤无机配体。这种非侵入性跟疾速的进程坚持了电池的完全性，而无需装配。研讨者应用呆板进修来发明这些功效盐，并断定了存在最佳电化学活性、电势、产品构成、电解质消融度跟比容量的三氟甲烷磺酸锂（LiSO2CF3）。与传统锂离子电池比拟，该体系存在更高的能量密度、更强的可连续性跟更低的本钱。别的，商用LiFePO4电池的寿命至少延伸了一个数目级。在反复的外部锂供给下，商用石墨LiFePO4电池在11818次轮回后的容量坚持率为96.0%。▲ Abstract：Lithium (Li) ions are central to the energy storing functionality of rechargeable batteries1. Present technology relies on sophisticated Li-inclusive electrode materials to provide Li ions and exactingly protect them to ensure a decent lifetime. Li-deficient materials are thus excluded from battery design, and the battery fails when active Li ions are consumed. Our study breaks this limit by means of a cell-level Li supply strategy. This involves externally adding an organic Li salt into an assembled cell, which decomposes during cell formation, liberating Li ions and expelling organic ligands as gases. This non-invasive and rapid process preserves cell integrity without necessitating disassembly. We leveraged machine learning to discover such functional salts and identified lithium trifluoromethanesulfinate (LiSO2CF3) with optimal electrochemical activity, potential, product formation, electrolyte solubility and specific capacity. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated a 3.0?V, 1,192?Wh?kg?1 Li-free cathode, chromium oxide, in the anode-less cell, as well as an organic sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathode incorporated in a 388?Wh?kg?1 pouch cell with a 440-cycle life. These systems exhibit improved energy density, enhanced sustainability and reduced cost compared with conventional Li-ion batteries. Furthermore, the lifetime of commercial LiFePO4 batteries was extended by at least an order of magnitude. With repeated external Li supplies, a commercial graphite LiFePO4 cell displayed a capacity retention of 96.0% after 11,818 cycles.Aqueous-based recycling of perovskite photovoltaics钙钛矿光伏电池的水基接纳▲ 作者：Xun Xiao, Niansheng Xu, Xueyu Tian, Tiankai Zhang, Bingzheng Wang, Xiaoming Wang, Yeming Xian, Chunyuan Lu, Xiangyu Ou, Yanfa Yan, Licheng Sun, Fengqi You Feng Gao▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08408-7▲ 择要：越来越多的硅光伏（PV）废料标明，须要在新兴光伏技巧贸易化之前斟酌废料接纳的主要性。钙钛矿光伏是一种很有前程的下一代技巧，接纳其报废废料能够增加有毒废料并保存资本。在这里，研讨者讲演了一种低本钱、绿色溶剂的团体接纳战略，能够从钙钛矿光伏废物中规复全部有代价的身分。他们开辟了一种高效的水基钙钛矿接纳方式，也能够使降解的钙钛矿规复活气。他们进一步将接纳范畴扩大到电荷传输层，衬底，笼罩玻璃跟金属电极。经由屡次降解接纳处置，接纳安装的效力跟稳固性与新颖安装相称。与填埋处置比拟，这项研讨的团体接纳战略增加了96.6%的资本耗费跟68.8%的与钙钛矿PV相干的人类毒性（癌症效应）影响。有了接纳，公用奇迹跟室庐体系的电力本钱也下降了。这项研讨夸大了钙钛矿PV在团体接纳方面的奇特机遇，并为可连续的钙钛矿太阳能经济摊平了途径。▲ Abstract：Cumulative silicon photovoltaic (PV) waste highlights the importance of considering waste recycling before the commercialization of emerging PV technologies. Perovskite PVs are a promising next-generation technology, in which recycling their end-of-life waste can reduce the toxic waste and retain resources. Here we report a low-cost, green-solvent-based holistic recycling strategy to restore all valuable components from perovskite PV waste. We develop an efficient aqueous-based perovskite recycling approach that can also rejuvenate degraded perovskites. We further extend the scope of recycling to charge-transport layers, substrates, cover glasses and metal electrodes. After repeated degradation–recycling processes, the recycled devices show similar efficiency and stability compared with the fresh devices. Our holistic recycling strategy reduces by 96.6% resource depletion and by 68.8% human toxicity (cancer effects) impacts associated with perovskite PVs compared with the landfill treatment. With recycling, the levelized cost of electricity also decreases for both utility-scale and residential systems. This study highlights unique opportunities of perovskite PVs for holistic recycling and paves the way for a sustainable perovskite solar economy.性命迷信Life ScienceThe structure of apolipoprotein B100 from human low-density lipoprotein人低密度脂卵白中载脂卵白B100的构造▲ 作者：Zachary T. Berndsen C. Keith Cassidy▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08467-w▲ 择要：低密度脂卵白（LDL）在脂质跟胆固醇代谢中起中心感化，是动脉粥样硬化产生跟开展的要害要素，动脉粥样硬化是天下范畴内招致逝世亡的重要起因。载脂卵白B100（apoB100）是基因组中最年夜的卵白质之一，是低密度脂卵白的重要构造跟功效身分，但其巨细跟庞杂的脂质关系给构造研讨带来了严重挑衅。研讨者应用冷冻电子显微镜、AlphaFold24跟基于分子能源学的改良的综合方式，在年夜少数地区展现了亚纳米辨别率的apoB100的构造。该构造由一个年夜的球状N端构造域跟一个约61纳米长的持续两亲β片构成，该β片像带一样包裹着LDL颗粒。准对称散布在β带两侧的是9个策略性的链间拔出物，它们延长到脂质名义，经由过程近程彼此感化的收集供给额定的构造支撑。研讨者进一步将该构造与200多个分子内交联的综合列表停止比拟，发明两者之间存在亲密的分歧性。这些成果提醒了apoB100的差别构造域怎样协同感化以保持LDL外形跟内聚在差别粒径范畴内的机制。更普遍地说，它们增进了人们对低密度脂卵白分解、情势跟功效的基础懂得，并将有助于减速潜伏医治方式的计划。▲ Abstract：Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has a central role in lipid and cholesterol metabolism and is a key agent in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), one of the largest proteins in the genome, is the primary structural and functional component of LDL, yet its size and complex lipid associations have posed major challenges for structural studies. Here we present the structure of apoB100 resolved to subnanometre resolution in most regions using an integrative approach of cryo-electron microscopy, AlphaFold24 and molecular-dynamics-based refinement. The structure consists of a large globular N-terminal domain and an approximately 61-nm-long continuous amphipathic β-sheet that wraps around the LDL particle like a belt. Distributed quasi-symmetrically across the two sides of the β-belt are nine strategically located interstrand inserts that extend across the lipid surface to provide additional structural support through a network of long-range interactions. We further compare our structure to a comprehensive list of more than 200 intramolecular cross-links and find close agreement between the two. These results suggest a mechanism for how the various domains of apoB100 act in concert to maintain LDL shape and cohesion across a range of particle sizes. More generally, they advance our fundamental understanding of LDL synthesis, form and function, and will help to accelerate the design of potential therapeutics.Engineered receptors for soluble cellular communication and disease sensing用于可溶性细胞通信跟疾病感知的工程受体▲ 作者：Dan I. Piraner, Mohamad H. Abedi, Maria J. Duran Gonzalez, Adam Chazin-Gray, Annie Lin, Iowis Zhu, Pavithran T. Ravindran, Thomas Schlichthaerle, Buwei Huang, Tyler H. Bearchild, David Lee, Sarah Wyman, Young-wook Jun, David Baker Kole T. Roybal▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08366-0▲择要：哺乳植物分解生物学范畴近来获得了一些停顿，但依然缺少模块化的分解受体，这些受体能够对可溶性配体做出强无力的反映，进而激活定制的细胞功效。这些受体在调理工程医治细胞的活性方面存在普遍的临床潜力，但到现在为止，只有针对细胞名义靶点的受体已濒临临床转化。为懂得决这一差距，研讨者采取了一种称为分解膜内卵白水解受体（SNIPR）的受体构造，用于可溶性配体的激活。SNIPR平台能够被自然跟分解的可溶性因子激活，存在显明的低基线活性跟高折叠激活性。研讨者经由过程将嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T细胞的活性定位于可溶性疾病相干因子表白的实体肿瘤，从而绕过了在傍观者器官脱靶外肿瘤毒性的重要阻碍，证实了受体平台的医治才能。研讨者进一步利用SNIPR平台计划与天然旌旗灯号通路正交的细胞之间的完整分解旌旗灯号收集，扩展分解生物学的范畴。其计划框架使细胞通讯跟情况彼此感化成为可能，扩大了临床跟研讨情况中分解细胞收集的才能。▲ Abstract：Despite recent advances in mammalian synthetic biology, there remains a lack of modular synthetic receptors that can robustly respond to soluble ligands and, in turn, activate bespoke cellular functions. Such receptors would have extensive clinical potential to regulate the activity of engineered therapeutic cells, but so far only receptors against cell-surface targets have approached clinical translation1. To address this gap, here we adapt a receptor architecture called the synthetic intramembrane proteolysis receptor (SNIPR) for activation by soluble ligands. Our SNIPR platform can be activated by both natural and synthetic soluble factors, with notably low baseline activity and high fold activation, through an endocytic, pH-dependent cleavage mechanism. We demonstrate the therapeutic capabilities of the receptor platform by localizing the activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells to solid tumours in which soluble disease-associated factors are expressed, bypassing the major hurdle of on-target off-tumour toxicity in bystander organs. We further apply the SNIPR platform to engineer fully synthetic signalling networks between cells orthogonal to natural signalling pathways, expanding the scope of synthetic biology. Our design framework enables cellular communication and environmental interactions, extending the capabilities of synthetic cellular networking in clinical and research contexts.